The Common Types Of Phobias - 2207 Words

ISLAMOPHOBIA Phobias are a type of a phsycological disorder that occurs in humans, it has several types, classifications and categories.As we all know, phobias are extreme types of fear, usually of unreasonable proportions and of the most ordinary of things. Some phobias are considered to be common phobias that can happen to people often. There are several common types of phobias such as spider phobia, snake phobia, flying phobia germ phobia. We can almost understand why and how a person could be afraid of heights or of crawling insects and spiders and other common types of phobia, there some types of phobias that are considered to be uncommon, and it is a totally different concept to become afraid, to an extreme degree, of†¦show more content†¦As a result, they will most likely discriminate against people they perceive to be outsiders. Although in group preference does not automatically require being hostile against the other people, in-group preference and out group hostility are enhan ced by external threats (Cashdan 2001). Since threats are often known to arise from the outsiders it can be expected that disasters have the ability to increase group loyalty. This paper will discuss a type of phobia which is Isalmaphobia and its effect. ISLAMOPHOBIA Previous we said that phobias are fears that are extreme and unreasonable in nature. When the term Islamophobia was first used in a 1991 Runnymede Trust Report, it was taken to mean the unfounded hostility towards Muslims, and therefore, fear or dislike of all or most Muslims (Center for Race Gender n.d.). This was first used within the situation of Muslim existence in the U.K. and Europe. However, we find in that hostility is the primary element for this phobia and it appears to be bigger in weight over the actual fear itself. It is aimed at a group of people foreign to one’s own. Finally, Islamophobia is unique because its considered as unfounded fear, there are some reasons that propose that Islamophobia has evolved into a racist phenomenon. Justifications for Islamophobia Based on the justifications above, we will attempt to explain why Islamophobia

Poverty In The United States Has Been A Very Big Issue

Poverty in the United States has been a very big issue throughout its history. Poverty is both an economic condition and a social concept. Poverty in the United States first took place in the 19th century and till this day. Poverty was caused by people being selfish and not allowing everyone to have a chance on being successful. Poverty took a big hit from the Great Depression to the Great Recession that led millions of people down. Since then the poverty rate has been going up and down, never keeping a steady pace. â€Å"In the late 1950s, about 22 percent of Americans nearly 40 million people were on poverty† (Poverty). This means that poverty is a big issue and everyone needs to contribute to fixing this problem. Since this is a big issue†¦show more content†¦This is a very good plan to keep people on track because the government can not overspend on every single family or else the government would not have any money. By doing all this the government programs help prevent the increase of poverty so that it can be reduced in the United States. The Great Recession was very hard for people and eventually led them to poverty. This event happened about eight years from today but it still affects some people in poor areas. As a result, to the great recession, major suburbs and the big city got affected that led the to a decline of the middle class. â€Å"The irony of this characterization is that what the middle class is struggling against and what portions of it have one fallen into is poverty† (â€Å"Introduction†). Although this was hard for many people some managed to escape poverty. Government policies were put in place that leads to the creation of lower paying jobs increasing the poor out of poverty. â€Å"These conjoined policies have also resulted in the creation of low paying â€Å"McJobs†, increasing the rank or the working poor†(Eternity). This was the best choice that the government could have done because without this poverty rates would increase. By putting in policies to recover from a major crisis this stimulated the economy resulting in a better workforce. With all of thisShow MoreRelatedInequality : Global And Social Inequality1330 Words   |  6 PagesInequality has been shown throughout American history and has affected various countries including the United States. The two forms of inequality this paper will address are global and social inequality. Social inequality refers to the distribution of resources based on socially defined characteristics, while global inequality is the systematic differences in wealth and power between countries. Children living in poverty don’t have the same opportunities as those who live in a higher income countyRead MorePolitical Issues Facing America 791 Words   |  3 Pages The United States has strived to be the strongest and most free democracy in the world, even though the United States truly is a republic. As a nation the United States have faced many issues that has greatly divided the nation, but we as a na tion have been able resolve the most pressing of them. Today we face new issues that seem to cut deeper and push us farther apart. There are many issues facing the United States. There true importance is widely debated, but some of the more prevalent are climateRead MoreEssay on Poverty and Health in Somalia and Africa1413 Words   |  6 PagesAfrica has many issues going on, but the one issue in specific that I am going to talk about is the poverty and health of Somalia, and the whole of Africa. Somalia is the poorest country in the world and they have a very weak health system. Africa is also not doing very well economically. Africa is the poorest Continent in the world. Every single one of the top ten poorest countries is in Africa. First, off I am going to talk about the health system. Here are some quick facts about the healthRead MoreChild Health Inequalities And Its Dimensions976 Words   |  4 Pagesto find two articles that related to the word we were given. Poverty, poverty impacts a lot of Americans as well as non- citizens of the United States. In order to live in poverty one is in the state or condition of having little or no money, goods, or means of support; condition of being poor. In my first article â€Å"Child health inequalities and its dimensions in Pakistan† elaborates on the inequality in health and on the rate of poverty amongst the citizens of Pakistan. The well being of a good societyRead More The Problems of Illegal Immigration Essay example1548 Words   |  7 PagesMost Americans in the United States may not truthfully admit that there is discrimination in America when it comes to immigration.   The type of immigration that I am referring to is that of illegal immigration int o the United States from the southern borders.   The people coming here illegally or those that have overstayed passed their stipulated time issued by their visas are the ones who are facing this problem head on.   They are coming originally from different countries, such as Mexico, El SalvadorRead MoreLos Angeles Is A Problem For American Society1432 Words   |  6 Pagessuch as Rodeo Drive and Hollywood where most American movies are produced. The United States has a strong economy, is very safe, and solves a lot of big problems outside the border. United States has a lot of organizations, associations and charities for human rights; however, a big city like Los Angeles has a dark side, it has the highest percentage of homeless people, drug addicts and alcoholics in the United States. Almost all of these people live in one neighborhood, which is called Skid RowRead MoreAbortion : Not For The Abortion Act Of 19671518 Words   |  7 Pages â€Å"Abort Abortion: Not as easy as It Sounds† Abortion is a very questionable practice, but in many countries is legal if the mother is a victim of rape, or the birth of the child threatens the mother’s own life. Every country has a different approach to abortion. For some, abortion is completely illegal while other countries allow abortion under specific circumstances. Great Britain, Indonesia, and the United States have very different laws when it comes to abortion, but they also share some commonRead MoreProblems Faced By The American System1720 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican system has undergone several commendable reforms in the past. However, some factors still remain wanting and in need of more aggressive action to address. The unequal distribution of funds for schools has been a practice thought to be one that suits all schools. To the contrary, this method of fund distribution has raised other pertinent issues that suggest it should be revised. There is also concern over the large student-teacher ratio at these l earning institutions, which lead to very large classRead MoreSocial Problems Of Economy And Employment1325 Words   |  6 PagesEconomy and employment has always been a big topic in the United States. There is always some kind of problem that will lead into arguments between people. In this society, it is difficult to live the â€Å"American dream† or have â€Å"a house with a picket fence†. Everything is so expensive these days that it leaves low and some people in middle class struggling to feed their families. If a certain individual does not have a average paying job, the person will struggle and will not have a rewardingRead MoreProblems Faced By The American System1720 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican system has undergone several commendable reforms in the past. However, some factors still remain wanting and in need of more aggressive action to address. The unequal distribution of funds for schools has been a practice thought to be one that suits all schools. To the contrary, this method of fund distribution has raised other pertinent issues that suggest it should be revised. There is also concern over the large student-teacher ratio at these learning institutions, which lead to very large class

Nature Vs. Nurture Debate - 1863 Words

Nature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, in athletics, in intelligence, in behavior, in medical history, and in work ethic. Each person is completely unique, a combination of genetic makeup and environment make an individual who they are. Though the argument has never been settled, both sides of the nature vs. nurture debate hold enough evidence to make a strong case for their beliefs. Those on the nature side believe that all aspects of a person’s being are granted to him or her through the genetics at birth. Every ounce of ability, intelligence, and personality are derived from the ancestry of the pers on in question. Those who propose the nurture side of the argument believe that the source of one’s intelligence, personality, and abilities are developed through experiences in their life and the environment in which they were raised in. They believe the traits that are developed by humans are in direct correlation to the positive or negative environment where he or she was raised. Experts have argued over nature or nurture for centuries, but there is still no answer to the age old problem. An EnglishShow MoreRelatedNature Vs. Nurture Debate1427 Words   |  6 Pagesparents use authoritarian methods and punishment.† The nature Vs nurture debate has been around since 1690 created by the philosopher John Locke who believed we as humans do not have natural, inborn ideas; that our minds are a blank page, upon which experience shall write. Nurture is everything and nature is simply nothing. â€Å"Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic i nheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factorsRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate878 Words   |  4 Pagespersonalities and traits produced by genetics or shaped by the environment? Or, is there a relationship between nature and nurture with regards to child development? The debate continues. While some believe â€Å"nature and nurture work together, others believe they are separate and opposing influences† (McDevitt, 2010). Nature vs Nurture In regards to the nature vs. nurture debate, â€Å"this debate is a major issue in many social science disciplines and is concerned with the influence that biology, geneticsRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1291 Words   |  6 PagesHow is the nature vs nurture debate related to a consideration of the mental disorder, schizophrenia? INTRODUCTION Schizophrenia is categorized by thoughts or experiences that seem abnormal with reality, disorganized speech or behaviour and decreased participation in regular daily activities. Difficulty with memory and concentration are sometimes also present. The two hit hypothesis generally refers to a genetic vulnerability, which is known as the first hit, triggered by something in the environmentRead MoreNature Vs Nurture Debate1343 Words   |  6 Pagescontroversial to psychologist since the phrase was created in 1869 is â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†. Although the debate was started well before then, 1869 was the first time it was tied to the debate. The nature vs nurture debate is over whether you get your behavior from genetics, what you inherited from your biological parents, or if they are learned characteristics, what you learn from the environment and what you get taught. The debate can be traced back to early western philosophy and is still relevantRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debat e1332 Words   |  6 PagesNature vs Nurture debate is one of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology. The debate is about to know if our personality and talents come from our parent or environment? The coding of genes in each cell in humans determine the different traits that we have, more physical attributes dominance like ear size, eye colour, , height, hair colour and other traits. However, it is still not known whether the more abstract attributes like, intelligence, sexual orientation, personality, preferencesRead MoreThe Debate On Nature Vs Nurture Essay1435 Words   |  6 Pagesdubious history of the debate on nature vs nurture continues to be a controversy, more and more psychologists start to rise from both sides of the argument. The earliest evidence can be traced back to the time of John Locke, who believes that our minds are blank slates and only experience can write override it. Despite the main focus of the issue being how environment transact to influence development, psychologists today continue to argue on the issue of nature vs nurture. Intelligence is more ofRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture Debate2114 Words   |  9 PagesNature vs. Nurture Albert Camus once said, â€Å"Man is the only creature who refuses to be what he is.† But what makes man what he is? Is it his sheer genetic makeup, or is it the way he was raised? The nature vs. nurture debate has raged on for centuries, but neither side has been able to prove their point indefinitely. Even today we see displays of the contrast between genetics and learned behaviors, some of which are athletics, intelligence, medical histories, etc. Every person is completelyRead MoreThe Nature Vs. Nurture Debate2673 Words   |  11 Pagesamount of social interaction is going to have a positive benefit, for young kids or any age. One of the most famous debates in Psychology is the Nature vs. Nurture debate, which has been going on since the time of Aristotle. The aspect within this debate comes to the question of; did the aspects of our behavior become because we inherited our characteristics from our parents know as the Nature? The other question leads up to our behavi or of; did we get our characteristics from what we learned from theRead MoreNature Vs. Nurture : The Debate Of Nature Versus Nurture895 Words   |  4 PagesNature vs. Nurture The debate of nature versus nurture has been an ongoing debate for a long time. When applying this argument to education there is no proven winner. The nature side of the coin believes that a person is born the way that they are. This could include intelligence level or personality traits such as being outgoing or shy. The other side of the argument of nurture believes that the type of upbringing that someone has will play a large role in the way they develop. It is thoughtRead MoreThe Debate Of Nature Vs Nurture1364 Words   |  6 PagesThe ongoing debate of Nature vs Nurture is one of the oldest philosophical issues. The nature theory argues that all genes, and hereditary factors, influences an individual in terms of their physical appearance to their personality characteristics (Cherry, 2017). Conversely, the nurture theory argues that all environmental variables impact who individuals are, including early childhood experiences, how individuals were raised, social relations hips, and surrounding culture (Cherry, 2017). However

Ernets Hemingway Essay example - 1287 Words

Ernest Hemingway I.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Introduction to Ernest Hemingway II.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Life and Times A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Early Life 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Birth 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Parents 3.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Influences 4.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Siblings 5.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Hobbies B.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Adulthood 1.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;War 2.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Influences 3.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Marriage and Children 4.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Tragedies/Illnesses 5.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Death III.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Literary Style A.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Unique†¦show more content†¦But within a few months he left his job. He was finally able to participate in World War I as a voluntary ambulance driver for the Red Cross, after repeatedly being rejected because of his damaged eye, caused by his boxing. On July 8, 1918 the nineteen year old was severely injured on the Austro-Italian front and hospitalized in Milan and had an affair with a Red Cross nurse named Agnes Von Kurowsky, who turned down his proposal to marriage. War punctuated Ernest Hemingway’s life and career (Ernest Hemingway 1024). The relationship is said to have formed the basis for one of Hemingway’s most popular and critically acclaimed novels was A Farewell to Arms (Hemingway, Ernest (Miller) 1899-1961 1). Hemingway was given two decorations by the Italian government, and then joined the Italian infantry. The war made big influences in Hemingway’s writings. War itself is a major theme in Hemingway’s works. In 1937 he was a correspondent in Spain; the events of the Spanish Civil War inspired For Whom the Bell Tolls. After he returned home to his family in Chicago to recuperate, he worked as a foreign correspondent for The Toronto Star. In Chicago, he met and married Hadley Richardson in 1921. In the same year his first son, John, was born in Toronto. But in 1927 he divorced Hadley Richardson and married Pauline Pfeiffer. He later moved to Key West where he had two boys named Patrick and Gregory.Show MoreRelatedEssay on The New Idea of Modernism 877 Words   |  4 Pageswomen. Before World War One, women were considered submissive to men. They di d not have duties outside of daily house work, and children. However after World War One people returned to women who had taken on more manly roles. In The Sun Also Rises, Hemingway uses women to show these challenges of society. Take Brett Ashley, before the war she would have been considered a rebel, and unattractive to most men, but after the war he attributes take on a whole new light. Brett is in control of her surroundings

How Is the Theme of Growing Up Explored in a Range of 20th Century Poems Free Essays

How is the theme of growing up explored in a range of 20th century poems? The theme of growing up is explored in a variety of ways in many 20th century poems, using different language techniques, that I am going to explore, to convey the emotion of children growing up in the times of class discrimination and racism. The four poems that I have chosen are all from different perspectives, the child’s or parents, or from retrospective points of views, recalling on the speaker’s life as a child. Chapter 7 : Black Bottom of The Adoption Papers, by Jackie Kay, is an extract of a poem that I am going to analyse. We will write a custom essay sample on How Is the Theme of Growing Up Explored in a Range of 20th Century Poems or any similar topic only for you Order Now This poem is about a white mother adopting a black child and how she faces racial bullying by the more â€Å"superior† whites in Glasgow, Scotland. The Adoption Papers uses the child, the white adoptive mother, and the white biological mother’s voice in alternating first person narrative, written in the present tense giving the poem themes of growing up, bullying and racism. The other two are from retrospective points of views, reflecting on the speakers’ lives as children and how they had to cope with the difficulties of growing up in a class system society. My Parents Kept Me From Children Who Were Rough, by Stephen Spender, is a poem about an adult reflecting on his childhood in the upper middle class, and the lower class bullying him because of the social differences, exploring themes of loneliness, remorse and fear. The Road Not Taken, by Robert Frost, is the third poem I will analyse, explaining how choosing the correct path will determine the outcome of your life, and that maybe taking the lesser travelled road could make the difference. The Adoption Papers is themed on the effects of racism on younger children while they are growing up. This effect on the child is explored in detail throughout the poem and how she has had to cope with being victim of racial bullying, â€Å"you were fighting yesterday, again†. The uses of caesura and end-stopping show how racial bullying is an ongoing problem for her. While growing up, bullying is always a problem whether it is discriminative, racial, physical or verbal. The way she learns to cope with bullying is through her fists, which isn’t always the answer, whereas in My Parents Kept Me From Children Who Were Rough the speaker was a victim of physical bullying of the same nature. The children being â€Å"rough† in this poem, were all subjected to be looked down upon as lower class by the higher classes; causing them to become â€Å"rough† and seen as the bullies in the situation because of their need of a sense of security. The bullies in this poem have many references to the child in The Adoption Papers as she is seen as a victim that fights back against what she thinks isn’t fair, and both think that it is necessary to use fighting as a survival method to cope with the pain of being referred to as â€Å"abnormal† or â€Å"other† compared to the upper class who would call themselves â€Å"normal†. Both of these poems demonstrate the effects of an ignorant society. In The Adoption Papers, the child’s adoptive mother is also faced with having to deal with the effect of racial bullying toward her daughter. She often tells her daughter to ignore the bullies and the racial remarks, understanding what her daughter is going through and is always in her support, â€Å"You tell. You tell. You tell†¦your little girl a doing†. The use of sentence structure and punctuation here shows one of the effects bullying as had on the mother’s life. The very short, two word sentences, presenting the speech of the racist children’s mothers, can be seen as frantic, that they are quick to pass judgement and also do not want to be in their presence for long because of the social standing. Also the mothers upon hearing that it was a black child, have no second thought on accusing the child showing that, because of their ignorance and racist attitudes, that they weren’t worth empathising with and that they would have no excuse. The adoptive mother’s sentence structure on the other hand, has no caesura and is only one longer sentence. By structuring this â€Å"conversation† between the mothers like so tells us that the adoptive mother is neither ashamed or concerned by her daughter being of a different race and also suggests that she will always make a finishing point in an argument. The Road Not Taken is a poem also themed on growing up and represents life as roads or paths with different turning points and directions. Upon these turning points, one must choose in which direction to go, the one worn or the one less trodden on. This poem’s voice is of an adult reflecting back on his life in general and how these paths are just another part of growing up and that, in life, you would come across many different roads from which to choose. Robert Frost expresses this idea throughout the poem and also about the choice between two roads that had not been used, â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear / Had worn them really about the same†. A tone of regret is sensed here because of how Frost structured the stanza. By having â€Å"Had worn them really about the same† after â€Å"Because it was grassy and wanted wear†, Frost’s meaning could be interpreted that the speaker could be mumbling or talking to himself, as if they are proud of their choice even though they know nothing of what could have been on the other path. This is later shown when the speaker says, â€Å"I shall be telling this with a sigh† suggesting that the speaker knows that they are likely to twist the truth, and seem heroic, in a more triumphant manner. Overall, I think that The Adoption Papers by Jackie Kay explores the theme of growing up in a very critical and thought provoking manner by using a wide range of literary techniques, such as caesura, repetition and similes, and that this poem is it most likely to stir the reader because of the detailed use of present tense, causing the reader to feel empathetically towards the child. My Parents Kept Me From Children Who Were Young uses simple literary techniques, such as repetition, end-stopping and word choice, but in an effective method to convey the harsh realities of bullying while growing up. The Road Not Taken theme of growing up is conveyed in a different manner using a retrospective view, along with a long sentence structure, metaphors and an overall rhyming structure of a, b, a, a, b, to show that you may have regrets in life but life choices are important decisions and that is it all a part of growing up. How to cite How Is the Theme of Growing Up Explored in a Range of 20th Century Poems, Papers

Distribution and Transportation Management- Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Effectiveness of various aspects of Transportation Management and the Carrier Relationship Management of Lenovo. Answer: Introduction In the present era of international business, effective process of transportation and distribution management is important for the contemporary business organizations in order to deliver their products in destinations around the world safely and in time. The aim of this report is to discuss about the effectiveness of various aspects of transportation management (Rushton, Croucher baker, 2014). This will include the selection of the proper incoterm and carrier. Moreover, this report will also discuss about the carrier relationship management of Lenovo. Accordingly, recommendations will be provided, which will further help to enhance the transportation management of them. Lenovo is one of the leading computer hardware manufacturers in world. Their product portfolio ranges from personal computer, laptops and mobile devices. Their country of origin is China; however, they are having their manufacturing facilities and logistic hubs in different countries (About Lenovo, 2017). The sector where Lenovo operates is highly competitive in nature with having several competitors in the market. Due to this reason, pricing of the products have to be kept in check in order to attract more customers. Moreover, the organizational goal of Lenovo is to provide products having updated and latest technology in affordable prices for mass market. Their organizational strategy of offering mass market products is helping the in achieving their goal of market leader in the computer hardware sector. Thus, in order to offer the products in affordable cost, Lenovo is in the need of having effective transport management, which will help them in reducing the cost of transportation of their products from the country of manufacturing to other countries (Kaszubowski, 2012). Moreover, due to the reason that computer products are sensitive to transportation damages, carrier and incoterms should be selected accordingly. Existing transportation process of Lenovo International commercial terms also known as Incoterms are being introduced by International Chamber of Commerce. These terms are being used by the exporters and importers around the world in selecting their mode of transport. There are various Incoterms, which are being introduced for diversified and varied uses for the stakeholders in the international business (Cavusgil, Knight Riesenberger, 2013). Thus, Lenovo being one of the leading global organizations and having operations across the world, they are in the need of effective and suitable incoterms to be used. Lenovo involves third party logistics firms in managing their logistics and transportation along with the initiation of the supply chain software. They do not involve transportation of their products by own (Stadtler, 2015). Moreover, with the help of the latest supply chain software, they are being able to internally manage the purchase orders, shipping notices and product invoices. DHL is one of their logistic partners who foresee their distribution operation in Brazil. However, one of the key issues being faced by them is the increase in the cost of transportation. This is due to the reason that, involvement of the third party logistics is increasing their cost of transportation (Aguezzoul, 2014). Moreover, on the other hand, another issue being identified is the lack of control in the process of transportation. This is due to the reason that, due to the involvement of the third party firms, Lenovo do not have the direct control over their transportation process. Thus, it is diffi cult for them to control and regulate the damages being occurred in the course of the transportation. There is an urgent need for them to have their own transportation process with having effective and suitable incoterms. Recommended incoterms Figure: 1 Cost and freight incoterm One of the recommended incoterms for Lenovo will be the Cost and Freight (CFR). This is due to the reason that, majority of the goods being transported by Lenovo is through waterways. Thus, this incoterm is most suitable for the water transportation. According to this incoterm, Lenovo will be responsible for the cost of transporting the goods to the destination port of the buyer (Lindstad, Asbjornslett Jullumstro, 2013). However, the insurance cost will be bear by the buyers. This will also enable Lenovo to transport their products with lower level of trust with the buyers. This is due to the reason that, the insurance cost is being covered by the buyers and thus the associated risk for Lenovo will be lower. Thus, the security in case of any mishaps in the transportation will be looked after by the buyer (Bergami, 2013). Moreover, the risk associated with the seller will be limited to the boarding of the goods in the port of origin. Thus, the risk for Lenovo will also be less due to the use of this incoterm. Figure: 2 Delivered at place incoterm Another effective and suitable incoterm for Lenovo will be the delivered at place. This incoterm is being recommended due to the reason that, it will enable Lenovo to mitigate the risk and responsibility involved in transporting their products to the countries having more risk of duties, tariffs and taxes. Due to the fact that Lenovo is doing their business in majority of the countries, thus, this incoterm should be used by Lenovo. This will help them in mitigating all the risks and cost associated with tax and tariff in the particular destination country. Transportation goal of Lenovo As discussed earlier, Lenovo exports their computer products from their manufacturing and logistics hubs to several countries of destination across the world. Thus, their key transportation goal is to transport their products safely and in time. Moreover, due to the reason that, they are producing and transporting electronic devices, thus, there is higher probability of damages in the course of the transportation (Dunning, 2012). Thus, the transportation goal of Lenovo is to have safe and secure process of transporting of their products. Accordingly, they are in the need of a shipping line or carrier, which will be cost effective as well as reliable and safe. This is due to the reason that, shipping cost is one of the major costs being incurred by them and it have implications on the end price of the products. In addition, due to the reason that, Lenovo is catering to the mass market with their affordable product line, thus they are in the need of a cost effective shipping line, whic h will reduce their transportation cost (Chang Wang, 2014). Criterion for selection of carrier Geographical coverage For the selection of the carrier or shipping line, there are various criterions that should be considered. One of the key criterions that should be given the maximum leverage is the geographical coverage or network of the particular shipping line. This is due to the reason that, Lenovo is having their operation facilities and destination market in various cities around the world. Thus, they will need a shipping line, which will have diverse geographic coverage around the world (Meng et al., 2013). The more will be the geographic coverage of the carrier, the more area will be covered by the Lenovo with their products. This factor should be given the most importance due to the reason that, if the shipping line cannot cover the desired geographical area, then the basic objective of transportation will not get achieved. Equipment availability Another important criterion is the availability of the latest equipment and with different capacity of the shipping line. This factor is the second most important in choosing the carrier for Lenovo due to the reason that, the product portfolio of Lenovo includes the computer hardware and mobile devices. These types of material will require extra care and attention in handling and transporting in order to reduce the rate of damage. Therefore, it is important to determine prior to the selection of the shipping line, whether the chosen shipping line is having enough and suitable equipment to handle the products of Lenovo (Wang Meng, 2012). The more equipped will be the shipping lines; the less probability will be there for damage of the products. This will eventually reduce per unit cost of shipping for Lenovo. According to the theory of transportation, one of the key objectives of effective process of transportation is to reduce per unit cost of shipping. In accordance to that, Lenovo have to select the shipping line, which will have latest and suitable equipment and will help them to reduce the shipping cost. Average transit time Transit time being taken by the carriers should also be considered by Lenovo. This is due to the reason that, the more effective will be the shipping line, the less transit time they will consume in transporting the goods. Involvement of the less time in transit will help them to provide the goods to their buyers in less time. Thus, the buyer satisfaction will get enhanced for them (Bang et al., 2012). Moreover, the reliability of the carrier should also be determined due to reason that, it is important to determine that, whether the carrier can transport the goods safely and without any mishaps or unwarranted incidents. Determination of these factors will help Lenovo to select the carrier, which will take less time in transporting their goods safely. Pickup and delivery Another important criterion that should also be considered is the reliability of the shipping line along with their delivery and pickup effectiveness. This is due to the reason that, the key motive of shipping carrier is to pickup and delivers the goods in time and in right place. For instance, if Lenovo chose a certain carrier, then they have to ensure that the particular carrier will pick up their goods to be transported in time and from the right place (Liu et al., 2014). On the other hand, they will deliver the goods in time at the right destination. This should be ensured due to the reason that, if the chosen carrier cannot deliver or pick up their goods in time, then the transportation will not be effective and it will create negative impression on the buyers over the delay. In determining this factor, evaluation of the background and past experience of the carrier will be helpful and will help to understand their standings in the market in terms of goodwill and reputation. Carrier relationship management According to the model of transportation, the basic three objectives are the cost effectiveness, timely delivery and reliability. As discussed earlier, the transportation goal of Lenovo is to have cost effective mode of shipping along with reducing the chance of damage in transit. Recommended type of relationship The relationship between the consignor and shipper should be in long term basis. This is due to the reason that, one of the key factors that influence the transportation process in the international business is the trust. It is important due to the reason that, in the process of transportation in the international business, certain risks are being associated with both the consignor and the shipper (Monczka et al., 2015). There are various instances where shipper have transported the ordered items but have not got the agreed price from the buyer or seller. On the other hand, consignor has paid the amount of shipping but goods received by the buyer are faulty and different. Thus, initiation of the long term relationship will help both the consignor and shipper to continue with their business agreements along with the enhanced level of trust and understanding. Process of building relationship It is important for the seller to share the profitability of the shipment with the shipper. This will motivate the shipper to get connected or attached with the consignor. Eventually it will enhance the collaboration and understanding among the shipper and the seller. Meeting and managing the commitment should be followed by both the seller and shipper. In the transportation of the goods, it is important to follow the commitment being made prior to the consignment. The more effective fulfillment of commitment by both the parties will help to enhance the long term relationship. Communication is another process, which will help to enhance the long term relationship between the shipper and the seller. If there is any operational change being occurred in the internal organization of the seller, then it should be properly communicated to the shipper and the necessary modifications that they need to do. Conclusion Thus, it can be concluded that, the existing process of transportation of Lenovo is oriented to third party logistics firms. This report have discussed about the possible incoterms that can be used by them in order to have their own transportation process. Moreover, recommended incoterms will help them to mitigate the risk involved in international transportation of their goods. This report have also discussed about the various criterions, which will help Lenovo to select the perfect and suitable shipping line in order to transport their goods. Various process of enhancing the relationship have also been discussed in this report, which will further help Lenovo in effectively managing their shippers. References About Lenovo | Lenovo. (2017).Www3.lenovo.com. Retrieved 7 November 2017, from https://www3.lenovo.com/en/lenovo/ Aguezzoul, A. (2014). Third-party logistics selection problem: A literature review on criteria and methods.Omega,49, 69-78. Bang, H. S., Kang, H. W., Martin, J., Woo, S. H. (2012). The impact of operational and strategic management on liner shipping efficiency: a two-stage DEA approach.Maritime Policy Management,39(7), 653-672. Bergami, R. (2013). Incoterms 2010: The newest revision of delivery terms.Acta Universitatis Bohemiae Meridionalis,15(2), 33-40. Cavusgil, S. T., Knight, G. A., Riesenberger, J. R. (2013).A framework for international business. Pearson. Chang, C. C., Wang, C. M. (2014). Evaluating the effects of speed reduce for shipping costs and CO 2 emission.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,31, 110-115. Dunning, J. H. (2012).International Production and the Multinational Enterprise (RLE International Business). Kaszubowski, D. (2012). EVALUATION OF URBAN FREIGHT TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT MEASURES.LogForum,8(3). Lindstad, H., Asbjrnslett, B. E., Jullumstr, E. (2013). Assessment of profit, cost and emissions by varying speed as a function of sea conditions and freight market.Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment,19, 5-12. Liu, Z., Meng, Q., Wang, S., Sun, Z. (2014). Global intermodal liner shipping network design.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,61, 28-39. Meng, Q., Wang, S., Andersson, H., Thun, K. (2013). Containership routing and scheduling in liner shipping: overview and future research directions.Transportation Science,48(2), 265-280. Monczka, R. M., Handfield, R. B., Giunipero, L. C., Patterson, J. L. (2015).Purchasing and supply chain management. Cengage Learning. Rushton, A., Croucher, P., Baker, P. (2014).The handbook of logistics and distribution management: Understanding the supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Stadtler, H. (2015). Supply chain management: An overview. InSupply chain management and advanced planning(pp. 3-28). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Wang, S., Meng, Q. (2012). Robust schedule design for liner shipping services.Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review,48(6), 1093-1106.

Economics for Global Oil Demand - myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theEconomics for Global Oil Demand. Answer: Introduction: Article Summary: The article Global oil demand to exceed expectations in 2017, says IEA; OPEC cuts supply by Karen Gilchrist, published on 13th September, 2017, sheds light on the recent fluctuations in the global oil market due to the occurrence of several external phenomena of significant implications on the supply of oil. According to the article, as per the predictions of the International Energy Agency, the global demand for oil is expected to increase at a faster rate in the current period, then it was previously expected (Gilchrist 2017). This, clubbed with the fall in supply of oil, is leading to a rebalancing of the oil market, as it is driving out the scope of excess stock of oil. However, the supply of oil is has reduced significantly due to phenomena like the disrupting supply from Libya and the occurrence of Hurricane Harvey, the latter one leading to a daily shutting down of production of nearly 200,000 barrels. This drastic decrease in the supply of oil has led to a condition in the ma rket where the current prices are much higher than the future expected price. The article signals towards a price hike in the near future, though it does not give any specific estimate of the hiked price (Forbes.com 2017). Essay Overview: The essay takes into account the current issue of great concern that has been discussed in the concerned article. The phenomenon of the fall in supply of oil and its implications on the global oil demand and the reasons behind such implications are being studied in the essay. To study the market fluctuations and the stabilizing process, the essay takes reference of different microeconomic concepts like that of demand and supply, changes in demand and supply and their effects on price, elasticity and market efficiency (Rader 2014). Article Analysis: Equilibrium in Oil Market: Oil, being one of the primary necessary commodities for every household and industry in every corner of the world, much of the welfare of the world as a whole depends on the demand and supply situations of the international oil market. Any fluctuation in any of the two forces can lead to huge repercussions on the overall lifestyle of people as a whole. In general, any market (oil market being no exception), remains in an equilibrium situation, when the demand and the supply forces mutually interact with each other and reach a mutually agreeable point, which can be shown as follows: Figure 1: Equilibrium in the market (Source: As created by the author) As can be seen from the above figure, the equilibrium in the market occurs at the point E, where the demand and the supply curve intersects each other, with P0 being the equilibrium price and Q0 being the equilibrium quantity. A stable equilibrium is that condition, which, after any kind of deviation, again comes back to its initial steady state as can be seen from the above diagram (Pearson et al. 2014). Current Demand Supply Imbalances: In the current scenario, as suggested by the concerned article, the global supply of oil, which otherwise maintained a consistency in the levels of supply, fell drastically in the first half of the current year. Much of this fall in the global oil supply can be attributed to the Hurricane Harvey, which occurred in the USA in the month of August. This led to shutting down of many refineries and each day there was a loss of production of nearly 200,000 barrels in August and an expected loss of 300,000 barrels per day in September (Gilchrist 2017). On the other hand, the demand for oil has been consistently increasing, with the demand increasing by 2.4% in the second quarter of the current year. The demand, as has been predicted by the IEA, is expected to increase in the next year at the rate of 1.4%. These two phenomena of a supply shortage and a simultaneous increase in the demand for oil, in the global market, is expected to lead to a scenario, which is explained with the help of the following diagram and the underlying economic reasoning behind the same: Figure 2: Changes in supply and demand (Source: As created by the author) As can be seen from the above figure, the decrease in the supply, collated with the constant increase in the demand for oil, in the global framework, is theoretically expected to shift the equilibrium point from E to F. This leads to a reduction the total quantity of oil in the market and increasing the price of oil significantly (Rios, McConnell and Brue 2013). However, though in general an increase in the price of a normal commodity usually leads to a fall in the demand of that commodity, according to the law of demand, however the extent of fall in demand depends upon the nature of the commodity and how extensively the commodity is being used. This can be portrayed with the help of the concept of elasticity (Canto, Joines and Laffer 2014). Elasticity of Demand: The term elasticity of demand, in economics, refers to the degree of responsiveness of the change in demand for a commodity or service due to a change in the price of the same. The elasticity depends on different factors like the nature of the commodity, the availability of its substitutes and the magnitude of usage of the commodities. If the commodity concerned is not a necessary one or if it has close substitutes which are easily available, then, with a small increase in the price of the commodity, there will be a considerable decrease in its demand as shown in the right hand side figure below (Lin and Prince 2013). However, if the commodity is of necessary in nature and cannot be substituted easily, then an increase in price does not change the demand for the commodity very significantly, indicating that the demand for the commodity is inelastic, as shown in the left hand side figure below: Figure 3: Non-elastic demand (a) and Elastic demand (b) (Source: As created by the author) As is evident from the above figure and the preceding discussion, oil being a commodity, which is of utmost necessity for every individual (household or industry) in any part of the world, the increase in the price of oil, will not reduce the demand for it significantly. This trend is actually observed in reality in the international global market, as can be seen from the concerned article (Forbes.com 2017). Consumer surplus: Due to the fact that the demand for oil is highly inelastic and the supply of oil, in the recent times, has undergone severe downfall due to the external shocks like that of Hurricane Harvey, the situation is expected to be adverse for the consumers all over the world. This can be explained using the economic notion of consumer surplus (Bulow and Klemperer 2012). The consumer surplus is the difference between the actual willingness of the consumer to pay for a commodity or service and the actual amount the consumer pays for the same: Figure 4: Change in consumer surplus (Source: As created by the author) As can be seen from the above figure, which shows the current condition in the international oil market, the initial consumer surplus, before the fall in supply was AP0E. However, due to the fall in the supply of oil and the demand for oil being less elastic, the consumer surplus in the current period has drastically reduced to AP1F. This indicates towards market inefficiency from the consumers perspective, which may have short term or long term implications, depending upon how efficiently and speedily the market recovers (Varian 2014). Market efficiency in long run: As per the article and the discussion in the preceding sections of the essay, the current situation in the global oil market, along with its increasing demand and the supply shock, indicates towards a hike in the price of oil in the current and near future period. The inelastic nature of demand for the commodity also augments this increase in price. The current spot price of oil is higher than the future price or the expected forward price (Wetzstein 2013). However, whether the price of oil will decrease in future or will remain the same will depend upon how fast the oil industry absorbs the shock which stalled its production and how abruptly they can reverse the negative effects by increasing their productivity. If the supply does not increase, then the situation will go on becoming more and more adverse for the consumers. On the other hand, if these negative implications are short term and the supply of oil again increases within a short span of time, then the sufferings of the con sumers will not last for long and the market will again come back to its initial equilibrium, thereby implying the presence of stability in the market (Jarrow and Larsson 2012). Conclusion: As can be concluded from the above discussion, the current oil market, as suggested by the study article, is expected to experience a higher than normal demand in near future. Coupled with the recent drastic supply shock, much of which is due to natural calamities like Hurricane Harvey, the global oil market is expected to experience an overall increase in the level of price, which may be hurting to the consumers as they are expected to enjoy lesser amount of consumer surplus. However, the sufferings can be short term or long term, depending on the efficiency of the market in gaining back its stability by reversing the supply shock in the oil industry and increasing its production. References Bulow, Jeremy, and Paul Klemperer. "Regulated prices, rent seeking, and consumer surplus."Journal of Political Economy120, no. 1 (2012): 160-186. Canto, Victor A., Douglas H. Joines, and Arthur B. Laffer.Foundations of supply-side economics: Theory and evidence. Academic Press, 2014. Forbes.com. 2017. "Forbes Welcome".Forbes.Com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/judeclemente/2017/05/29/the-steady-drumbeat-of-more-global-oil-demand/#792f19ae5e2d. Forbes.com. 2017. "Forbes Welcome".Forbes.Com. https://www.forbes.com/sites/judeclemente/2016/08/28/global-oil-demand-can-only-increase/#68e2b25331a0. Gilchrist, Karen. 2017. "Global Oil Demand To Exceed Expectations In 2017, Says IEA; OPEC Cuts Supply".CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2017/09/13/global-oil-demand-to-exceed-expectations-in-2017-says-iea-opec-cuts-supply.html. Jarrow, Robert A., and Martin Larsson. "The meaning of market efficiency."Mathematical Finance22, no. 1 (2012): 1-30. Lin, C-Y. Cynthia, and Lea Prince. "Gasoline price volatility and the elasticity of demand for gasoline."Energy Economics38 (2013): 111-117. Pearson, K. R., Brian R. Parmenter, Alan A. Powell, Peter J. Wilcoxen, and P. B. Dixon.Notes and problems in applied general equilibrium economics. Vol. 32. Elsevier, 2014. Rader, Trout.Theory of microeconomics. Academic Press, 2014. Rios, Manuel C., Campbell R. McConnell, and Stanley L. Brue.Economics: Principles, problems, and policies. McGraw-Hill, 2013. Varian, Hal R.Intermediate Microeconomics: A Modern Approach: Ninth International Student Edition. WW Norton Company, 2014. Wetzstein, Michael Eugene.Microeconomic theory: concepts and connections. Routledge, 2013.